Dipole Gravity is Not Radiative

For the last 90 years since the inception of general relativity, people in the field of gravitation have been deeply indoctrinated by the fixated concept that there is only Newtonian gravity and the radiative gravitational quadrupole moment and nothing else that may be considered significant. Too many of the researchers in the field have passed away without ever seeing the day when someone proved there is meaningful gravitational dipole moment.

There is an unbelievable resistance against dipole gravity, blindly believing the faulty concept of the non-existing gravitational dipole moment.

Who can argue that there is not a religious aspect of human reaction even in the purest field of science like physics. It is like a gigantic mental block.

And some people even seem to think that dipole gravity would be radiative if it exists.

However, what the theory of dipole gravity shows is that dipole gravity is a static field like Newtonian gravity. It is static because angular momentum is conserved. The conservation of angular momentum makes dipole gravity to be static yet manageable. It may not be permanently static like Newtonian gravity, but it will last very long once created in the absence of the frictional energy loss.

One may say that it is in between the permanent static and being radiative. If the dipole rotor have rotational imbalance, it will vibrate and eventually lose energy by the radiative loss where the role of the gravitational quadrupole moment become significant.

However, one can not make a gravitational dipole moment to be radiative.

Rotational Velocity Curve Fitting with Dipole Gravity

The study of the solar planetary motions provides us with the information regarding the mass of the Sun, the mass of the planet and its distance from the Sun. The reason that this is possible is because Newtonian gravity with his dynamics accurately predicts the orbital motion of the planet with those parameters. In this specific case, there are only three parameters involved, the mass of the Sun, the mass of the planet and the distance between them. The way those parameters are mathematically related is by the simple potential functional form M1xM2/r.

So, in general, this should be the way a correct theory of the nature works; it provides us with the physical and mechanical insight into the cosmological bodies in motion.

The data from the observed rotational velocity curves and the jets, when interpreted by dipole gravity, will do exactly the same. It provides us with the information regarding the rotational frequency, the geometrical configuration and the mass of the galactic core.

The fine tuning problem of the dark matter hypothesis would be largely due to the minute differences in the individual core's physical properties apart from the added mass required problem near the center which can be attributed to the fact that the superposed radial component of the dipole gravity force, which is relatively short ranged compared to Newtonian gravity, strengthens the overall pulling force of the gravity(near the center).

Dipole gravity has several key parameters but some of them are not totally independent. For example, the range of the dark matter halo population is directly related to the length of the jets. The most significant one would be the strength of the gravitational dipole moment itself which is expressed by the mass times the length element which is the shifted relativistic center of mass. So, the gravitational dipole moment is not completely independent from the mass of the galactic core. The information of the shifted center of mass will in turn give the information on how fast the core is rotating and how the geometrical configuration of the core will look like. In fact, this should have been expected bacause the Lens-Thirring force at the center of the rotating spherical shell had the rotational frequency dependent forces on both the axial and radial directions. By assuming that the core will take the most efficient geometry, and also using the variational technique, the overall configuration will become transparent.

One more additional parameter needed may be the mass of the dark matter halo which is given by the mass populated within the unit radial length which may not depend on any other parameters. The reason that the total mass of the dark matter is so large may be due to the sheer size of the volume of the space they are populated although the density itself may be very small.

One of the quick examples of the success of dipole gravity is in the globular clusters. Since there is no significant rotation of the core inside the globular clusters, the rotational velocity curve falls rapidly near the center instead of rising up because there is no contribution of the force from dipole gravity in such cases.

The various forms of the rotational velocity curves can be fitted by the enough number of the parameters all of which have direct mechanical significances regarding the galactic center. On the other hand, MONDian cosmology with its minimal number of adjustable parameters doesn't provide any new insight into the mechanical properties of the core of the galaxies while predicting the curves so well. So, it would be interesting to investigate why that is the case in the light of dipole gravity.

Is Dipole Gravity the Fifth Force?

Dipole gravity is integrated into the gravity by virtue of the principle of general relativity. But the nature of dipole gravity is fundamentally different from Newtonian gravity because one can not be derived from the other.

The reason they are related as gravity is because the two forces share the same principle of equivalence within the paradigm of general relativity. However, if one assumes that an advanced civilization happened to discover dipole gravity separately from Newtonian gravity (they would eventually have to find a theory that incorporates both forces within the unifying paradigm, which will be equivalent to general relativity), it wouldn't be obvious for them to see that dipole gravity is a part of a grandeur scheme of gravity.

It would be an interesting mental exercise to speculate if it would be possible for a civilization to discover dipole gravity completely isolated from Newtonian gravity without first finding a guiding principle like general relativity.

Let's assume that some inventor(s) of the advanced civilization accidentally, while playing with a fast rotating hemispherical rotor, found the abnormal directional force, before anyone could have figured out a theory like general relativity, if that happens, the principal investigator would have named it the "fifth force".

Dipole gravity found in such a way would be considered having nothing to do with the conventional gravity because the way the force acts onto the other matters in the universe is totally different from that of Newtonian gravity.

So, in principle, there is nothing that prevents dipole gravity from being named as the fifth force of the nature.

Questions on the Covariance of Dipole Gravity

It seems that this subject is a lingering question to many of the readers of dipole gravity. When a new metric is devised, this certainly becomes an important issue. A fully covariant field equation was expanded in the linearized theory and expressed by sums of infinite number of the individual multipole components. So in reality, the individual poles(monopole, dipole, quadrupole...etc) are not covariant by themselves, the total sum is. In other words. dipole gravity can be formulated only in the asymptotically flat space time region. However this argument can not be used to underestimate the importance of its physical implication. Just like Newtonian gravity is a solution of general relativity in the asymptotically flat space time region, so is dipole gravity. The most important aspect of it may be its unique topology.

Even so, it is amazing to see how much of the cosmological mysteries are solved solely by Newtonian(monopole) gravity. As the energy scale of the cosmological system gets larger, the higher order of the poles start making important contributions. The reason Newtonian gravity could not explain the jets and/or the dark matter problem was, in retrospect, because we have been working with a totally simplified, truncated non covariant field. As the more of the higher order poles are included, the overall gravity field starts becoming more accurate and offer solutions to many other mysteries of the universe. Since the strength(magnitude) of the each poles decrease by the factor of c (speed of light) as the order increases, after the inclusion of the second and third terms of the linearized theory the overall sums of the field will still be accurate enough to cover most of the observable universe.

So, one can view the overall scheme of the linearized theory of general relativity by the following; the spatial translational motion is covered by Newtonian gravity(via point mass approximation), the intrinsic rotational motion of the bulk object is covered by dipole gravity and finally the intrinsic vibrational motion of the extended object is covered by the gravitational quadrupole moment.

In retrospect, I always felt that there was something fundamentally missing in our understanding of the universe. I remember looking up the text books on gravitation in 1982, even though I was not an astronomy major when I was a graduate student at the University of Michigan Ann Arbor. I was interested in the theoretical high energy physics. The most puzzling experience in this episode was when I looked up the page describing the linearized form of general relativity. There was something next to Newtonian gravity and that was the dipole gravitational moment. And it was dismissed by a reason that I thought was too much of tongue in cheek argument. The fact that one has to move the origin of the coordinate system to the center of mass of the object to remove the term seemed too convenient or/and unnatural(can't find the right word for it) because one can always set up the origin of the coordinate system at the center of mass of the object and forget about the coordinate alignment problem. I thought it was an unnecessary and non physical activity which may hide some more serious physics involved. The reason for its dismissal, I thought, was too frivolous compared to the possible importance of the term.

Because if general relativity have answers to the further mysteries of the universe, it should be in the term next to the Newtonian gravity in the linearized theory.

The conventional treatment of it made me feel suspicious of the argument. I never trusted any derivation of the physical equations in the text books in my college years until I derived it myself anyways.

It's like weighing a feather same as a gold nugget painted like a cotton.

But there was no way I could have guessed at the time that it could have something to do with the anomalous center of mass shift from the rotating hemisphere. In 1995, the puzzle was solved after 13 years since I began wondering about the strangeness of displacing the origin of the coordinate system to remove the dipole term in the linearized theory. It happened when I asked the following two questions in my mind. What is so special about the rotating hemisphere? And then how about the center of mass? The answers to these two questions answered the 13 years old questions in my mind. Hermes struck me down at the instant. The gravitational dipole moment!!!! It looks like there is no way one can avoid this solution. The jets and the dark matter problem are the two different sides of the same coin due to the dipole gravity effect from the fast rotating black holes.

At the moment, the quadrupole gravitational moment seems to be the main interest of experimental investigation in gravity. However, we missed dipole gravity altogether and there is no doubt that it should be investigated fully in the near future especially because it is much more stronger than the quadrupole moment. The extensive investigation of dipole gravity will determine the scope of the overall success of Einstein's initial revolution.

After that, when we still have too many mysteries remain unsolved, the next order of the poles will offer important clues to the problem. In this respect, the quadrupole moment will become important in the much high energy scale than that of dipole gravity, so we may be too far ahead of our steps in the adventure to the cosmological mystery.

In regard to this subject, if we assume that a big bang occurs in a much higher energy scale than that is governed by dipole gravity, it is quite conceivable that the instability arising from the vibrational oscillation of the quadrupole moment can result in the massive disintegration of the black hole in the form of a big bang. So, the extreme relativistic extension of the gravitational quadrupole moment can be a big bang which is listed as a question mark(?)in the dipole gravity chart.

How to Falsify Dipole Gravity?

There may be several ways to theoretically dispute the validity of dipole gravity.
1. There is no mass increase effect due to special relativity.
2. There is no ideal solid object in relativity theory.
3. Hemisphere may deform while in rotation so that it may cancel the shift of the relativistic center of mass.
4. Relativistic shift of the center of mass has nothing to do with the dipole gravitational moment in general relativity.
5. There may be dipole gravity effect but the spherical shape of the source will completely cancel the effect.
6. Ehrenfest paradox negates the effect of the relativistic center of mass shift.

The statement number 1 is a false. The special relativistic mass increase effect has been observed and confirmed. The statement number 2 has been discussed in the paper "Non Newtonian force...." In fact, the question of the rigidity must be considered a relative one. Depending on the binding force of the dense stellar object, the degree of rigidity will vary. The statement number 3 can be disputed by the fact that, in general, the longitudinal asymmetry is all it needs to have a shift in the center of mass of a rotating object, so the deformation itself doesn't affect the fact that it will have a shift of the center of mass. The statements number 4 and 5 can be disputed by the fact that dipole gravity reproduced the exact form of the Lense-Thirring force at the center of the rotating spherical shell.

Now regarding the statement number 6, some readers of the dipole gravity article objected to the notion that there is a relativistic center of mass shift for a rotating hemispherical rotor by invoking Ehrenfest's paradox, which states that due to the length contraction effect of special relativity, the circumference of a rotating ring will be shorter than given by 2piR(the length of the radius will still be the same).

So the mass of the rotating ring should be the same regardless of the speed of the rotation according to their objection.

However, if we assume that the ring is made up of N number of atoms connected in series, each atoms will experience the special relativistic mass increase effect, and since the number of the atoms can not change due to the rotational motion, the relativistic mass increase effect for the whole ring(as well as for the whole hemisphere) should still be effective.

The next objection is from the simple comparison with the electromagnetic phenomenon. The electricity and magnetism has electric and magnetic dipole moment because there are two different charges in the theory of electromagnetism, ie, positive and negative charges of electricity and north and south poles of magnetism, but there is no negative mass in gravity so how can you have gravitational dipole moment?

While gravity and electromagnetism are both long range forces, they are fundamentally different forces of nature. In fact, the fact that there is no observed negative mass in the universe has contributed greatly to the notion that there should be no gravitational dipole moment in the physical world. However, general relativity in the linearized form only requires a physically meaningful shift(not the kind that can be eliminated by a coordinate translation) of the center of mass, not the presence of a negative mass for the existence of a gravitational dipole moment.

The question on why this shift implicated in the linearized theory of general relativity should be identified with the relativistic shift of the center of mass of a rotating longitudinally asymmetric object may be entirely a matter of faith. There is no reason it should be identified as such. But then there is also no reason it should not. At least it confirmed the result calculated by a different method of analytic integration performed by Lense-Thirring.

As in the Dirac's equation of the relativistic theory of positrons, a mathematical equation can be interpreted by predicting a certain new physical reality.
The entire justification of such an interpretation totally remains in its predictive power of the physical nature.

So the last resort to falsify dipole gravity remains in the test of its fundamental predictions since all the features of the dipole gravity potential have been consistent with the observed cosmological data.

Newtonian gravity started from the conceptual extension of the force that was observed from a falling apple(the real story behind will be much more complicated and deeper than can be described by such a simple story), the same force is exerted in the planetary system as well as in our daily lives. It seems clear that the massive cosmological phenomena like the jets and the dark matter problems should have a similar counter part in our daily lives so that we can observe it. Since dipole gravity is the second order effect from general relativity, its strength should be much weaker than Newtonian gravity and as such its effect will be much harder to detect in the terrestrial environment. But it is certainly within our current technological reach to test it as shown in the previous pages.

What if the test disproves the prediction?

I think it is possible, but it will ultimately mean a disproof of general relativity.

Rocketless Propulsion by Dipole Gravity

The theoretical explanation of the mysteries in cosmology may be the least exciting part of the consequences of dipole gravity. Apart from the obvious engineering difficulties associated with finding materials that can withstand the enormous centrifugal force that can tear up the whole structure of the rotor, dipole gravity is a practical and efficient method of propulsion in space travel.

Once a certain level of rotational speed of the dipole rotor is reached, it will start propelling the ship with an ever increasing speed without any additional expenditure of energy according to the theory of dipole gravity. The ship travels in space like falling down a constant gravity field except that there is no fixed source of a gravity center. The ship propelled by dipole gravity will travel the space like sliding down hill as it creates its own slope of the hills which depends on the rotational frequency of the dipole gravity rotor.

In theory, there is no limit of the speed of travel in this propulsion method.

What happened to special relativity that limits the speed of travel to the speed of light?

Special relativity applies when there is no curvature in space time, meaning when there is no gravity field. In terms of the tachyonic world picture, it means in the region where the density of the tachyonic neutrinos are uniform. Motion in space in this mode is like that of running against the blowing wind, not with the wind. The atomic nuclei of the material in motion in this mode suffers dislocation and huge resistance due to the enormous collision with the tachyonic particles. This is the main cause of the increase of energy(mass) as the object travels faster and faster in space by Newton's third law of motion. Any living organisms will not be able to withstand the stress without getting destroyed. The integrity of the structure of the material is not supported in this mode of travel as the speed gets close to the speed of light.

However, in the mode of the dipole gravity propulsion, the ship is enveloped inside the tachyonic aether's clothing. The ship is naturally following the density gradient of the spacetime curvature itself. In other words, the front side of the space of the dipole gravity propulsion device is an artificially created aether vacuum while the back side of it is a compressed aether space.

Alcubierre devised a metric that resembles this configuration in spacetime.

So, in the dipole gravity propulsion scheme, the imbalance of the surrounding tachyonic aether pressure is the one responsible for the acceleration of the ship itself. So the nuclei of the material inside the aether gradient doesn't suffer the massive pressure against the tachyonic neutrinos. The ship is traveling fast, even faster than the speed of light, but there is no increased aetheric pressure associated with it and thereby the structural and biological integrity of the ship is preserved.

After all, the black hole is a blob of space where tachyonic neutrinos can not penetrate. In a sense, it is a gigantic localized aether vacuum where all the material objects close to it are bound to fall into.

It's no suprise that the extreme relativistic extension of dipole gravity becomes a one way transversabe worm hole while that of Newtonian(monopole) gravity a black hole.

The Length of the Jets from Dipole Gravity

The lengths of the jets are determined by the peak of the repulsive dipole gravity potential on both poles of the rotation axis. The strength of dipole gravity falls more rapidly than the Newtonian gravity, so at certain point of the distance from the center, the attractive force of Newtonian gravity will dominate over the repulsive force of dipole gravity, which is the cause of the return trajectory and the brightly lit jets observed from the black hole accretion disks.


Essentially, the property of the linear trajectory is a function of the rotational frequency, total mass and the geometrical shape of the galactic core which determine the magnitude of the length element of the relativistic center of mass shift. Since the geometrical shape of the core can not be determined apriori, and also since its observation is out of the reach of the currently known method, the gravitational dipole moment will need to be treated as an adjustable parameter. One can assume a certain shape for the core, its mass(density as well) and the rotational frequency to estimate the actual length of the jets. It is noted that the length of the jets are very sensitive to the peak height of the repulsive dipole gravity potential. Due to the thermal fluctuation of the molten core material before the ejection, it is expected that there will be corresponding fluctuations on the length on the jets and also on the population density of the dark matter halo. The estimated dark matter population density function predicted by dipole gravity is 1/r. However, this density function suggests an infinite wise distribution which can not be true. So at certain point at the far out distance, the density distribution function is expected to decrease more rapidly than 1/r, because the density distribution can not suddenly be truncated to zero at distance r=ro(ro is the distance where the density distribution deviates from 1/r). In this sense, NFW's proposal of 1/r^3 dependency on the density distribution beyond certain distance limit r=ro is justified. (I'm indebted to Prof. Joel Primack for providing me with this information).
It would be interesting to see if the property of the thermal distribution of the molten core material could be related to the 1/r^3 dependency in the population density of the dark matter halo at the far out stretch as the compressed molten material would not all have the same kinetic energy at the peak height of the repulsive dipole gravity potential.