Additional Long Range Gravity Force

One of the well known astrophysicists has stated that the theory of dipole gravity is confusing when it comes to the explanation of the relativistic jets. The theory itself is not difficult but what makes it confusing may be that the same terminology and similar concept has to be used to explain the mechanisms of the theory. One can not build a new house without demolishing the ragged old one at the same place. Largely this is in the minds of the people in the field than the actual physical construction. So, here is a more concise description of what it is.

The fundamental difference between the theory of dipole gravity and other astrophysical theories of the relativistic jets(plasma and magnetic field caused), MOND and the dark matter hypothesis is that, dipole gravity is a theory derived from the first principle. In fact, the jets and dark matter problem were not in immediate consideration when the theory of dipole gravity was conceived. Of course, the reason behind the perception of the need for such a theory has been constantly in the back ground because of the inadequacies of the physical mechanisms behind those theories.

It all started from the fundamental physical anomaly observed from the simple mechanical system of the rotating hemisphere when special relativity was incorporated into the calculation of the center of mass. Consider this, why and how the center of mass of a hemisphere changes when it is in rotational motion even when there is no external force(in the direction of the shift) applied to it. And why this is not the case for the rotating sphere?

Newtonian mechanics states that an object should be at rest unless an external force is applied in the direction of the motion. Being at rest by definition means that the effective center of mass is in the same position relative to the entire distribution of the matter in the universe.

If the mass increase effect of special relativity is the real physical phenomenon and not some kind of an illusion, one can not avoid this anomaly of the center of mass shift from a rotating hemispherical system. It is a very real physical effect and it fundamentally challenges the conventionally known mechanics. It can mean many things. The rotating hemisphere(longitudinal axially asymmetric object) somehow may experience an external force which causes the shift of the center of mass. But the fundamental mystery of this system is that the shift of the center of mass moves along with the object itself. So it is possible that the system may be in a perpetual mode of acceleration.

Not surprisingly, it didn't take long to find out that the same mechanical system has been totally neglected in general relativity as well. The hitherto abandoned dipole term in the linearized theory of general relativity starts to have the real meaning because such a shift can not be transformed away. It is a real physical effect that depends on the energy in the system.

If we have a dipole gravitational moment in the two mass pole model universe, it will certainly be in a perpetual mode of acceleration until it reaches to one of the poles. The paper basically describes the effect of this force, but the real point of the paper was that it has justified the reality of the dipole gravitational moment which is the source of the additional long range gravity force which we have been missing in the entire history of mankind.

Now it is natural that we have to apply this fundamental force derived from the first principle to the hitherto unsolved(satisfactorily) cosmological problems. First of all, according to the dipole gravity potential from a rotating spherical object, the jets from the rotating black holes or neutron stars are totally natural and not surprising at all.

During the process of the application of dipole gravity to the dark matter problem, it has become clear that the sign of the Lense-Thirring force can not be consistent with the accretion phenomenon because the radial component of the Lense-Thirring force is repulsive(outgoing). The accretion and the jets can not be separated, and when the signs of Lense-Thirring force are corrected, everything(jets, accretions and flat rotation curves) starts to make perfect sense. The point source nature of the jets basically creates the 1/r dependent dark matter density distribution which is required to explain the flat rotational velocity curves.

So, the real physical nature of the dark matter is that it is a group of a constantly moving debris(pretty much like comets and asteroids) in the spiral galaxy following the dipole gravity force lines(from the poles to the equatorial center) that resembles the two superposed gravitomagnets around the rotating ultra compact stellar object. Since the dipole gravity force line is divergent at the poles and around the galactic sphere until they come together at the central accretion plane, the ejected matters can not be visible while they are in transit until they reach the rotational plane where the massive collisions among the debris occurs and generates visible radiation. Therefore, the luminosity close to the galactic nuclei may represent the strength of the jets and the density of the matters being recycled and this could be used as a valid parameter for the prediction of the flat rotation curves as they did in MOND.

In fact, the sources of the asteroids that bombarded the planets which left so many scars on their surfaces in the solar system can be explained if we assume that this kind of dark matters are pervasive in our galaxy as well.

Self Evident Dipole Gravity

Dark Energy

Since the theory of dipole gravity has hinted that the gravity in general is a bulk effect rather than a quantum effect, the presence of the superluminal tachyonic particles in the background of the universe becomes a strongly favored concept.
One of the candidates of these particles are neutrinos which has been enforced by the fact that the measured mass squared value of the neutrinos has consistently been reported to be negative.

If neutrinos are also magnetic monopoles, the symmetry of EM is restored where the symmetry has been known to be broken by the fact that there is no isolated magnetic monopole detected in the universe. The concept is also strengthened by the fact that the electrons and antineutrinos are produced hand in hand when the neutrons are broken to pieces by beta decay.

The following consequence of this scenario is that the tachyonic magnetic monopoles, while traveling faster than the speed of light, will still exert forces among themselves in such a way that a certain part of the space is no more crowded than the other part of the universe. The net effect is the ever growing expansion of the universe.

The total energy content may be calculated by the number density of the tachyonic neutrinos in a volume of a cubic centimeter and the energy due to their mutual repulsive magnetic forces.

There can be questions on why there are more of the antineutrinos than the neutrinos in the universe. Where is this asymmetry coming from? It is possible that we are living in the universe where the configuration of the proton, electron, and the antineutrinos are predominant as the way we observe it, while there can be other universe right next to ours that is totally opposite of what we have. The universe next to us may have the negatively charged nucleus and the positrons orbiting the nuclei with the abundant neutrinos instead of the antineutrinos in its background of the universe.

Physicists like to look for symmetry, whenever there is a lack of symmetry in nature; we are suspicious of it and wonder why. Of course, dipole gravity was a part of an answer to such a quest because the rotating hemisphere breaks the symmetry of the center of mass from that of a rotating sphere by its anomalous relativistic shift.

I'm sure the superstring theorists are also in the same shoes in looking for the answer for the ultimate symmetry of the nature.

Accretion Disc

Within the Newtonian gravity only, it is hard to explain how the matter falls into the galactic nuclei without losing its angular momentum first. To explain this problem without invoking the additional long range gravity force, one has to introduce the friction and the hydrodynamic fluid equation as well as the concept of the plunge radius within which one has to assume that the matter falls into the nuclei without having the persistent rotational motion. In fact, the angular momentum is such a well conserved quantity that it is hard to get rid of it without a proper cause.

If we have an additional long range gravity force that depends on the function of 1/r^4 in the radial direction, the Virial theorem can not hold and the matter circling around the nuclei will not conserve the angular momentum and the orbit is not going to be closed.

The orbit of the matter circling around the galactic core with the additional long range dipole gravity force will become smaller and smaller with the increasing velocity until it plunges into the nuclei with a violent collision which may be the major cause of the observed gamma ray bursts. This also implies that the accretion debris is neither in a purely ionized plasma nor in the gaseous states.

By this way, the necessity of finding an alternative way to lose the angular momentum is totally unnecessary, let alone the assumption of the existence of the plunge radius. As discussed in the page black hole jet engine, the dipole gravity potential with its latitude angular dependency explains the mechanism on how the matter prefers to stay in the thin disk shaped region in the equatorial plane as well.

It is fundamentally caused by the lower dipole gravity potential formed around the equatorial plane due to the latitude angular dependency of the force. The heat of the material falling into the nuclei is caused by the continuous compressing force of dipole gravity toward the core of the galaxy, which is manifested by the attractive harmonic force of the (sign corrected) Lense-Thirring force at the center.

Within the entire picture of the spiral galaxies, the accretion disc is an integral part of the jets and the dark matter problem when dipole gravity is invoked for its explanation.

History of Gravitomagnetism

It has long been speculated and conjectured that there must be a magnetism like counter part in gravity like in the theory of electricity and magnetism. One of these lines of pursuit was the conventionally known as "gravitomagnetism", which is entirely different from the one presented here as dipole gravity & gravitomagnetism.

The traditional gravitomagnetism starts from the modification of Maxwell's equation to accommodate the known facts in gravity. For example, there is only one known charge(mass) and the force between them is attractive. This resulted in the equation,




where E represents the regular gravity, B the gravitomagnetic field and G the gravitational constant. The entire concept is based on the assumption that the constantly moving charge(mass) creates a gravitomagnetic field around its path like in the case of moving electric charges. However, this formulation didn't result in any new understanding of the gravitational phenomena.

A rotating toroidal ring was its basic model device to create a gravitomagnetic effect. However, a rotating metallic ring did not produce any new physical effect. It did not succeeed in deriving the Lense-Thirring force at the center of the rotating sphere. And it was not useful in solving the emerging mysteries of the universe. In retrospect, one can see that this conventional gravitomagnetism was heavily relied on Maxwell's equation than gravity effect itself. It is basically a Maxwell's equation with the single charges and the attractive force among themselves.

According to the concept of the equivalence principle, an accelerating frame is indistinguishable from the gravitational field itself. However, constantly moving electrons can create magnetic field around their path, which means that the modified Maxwell's equation will predict a gravitomagnetic effect from a constantly moving mass which is in direct disagreement with the equivalence principle.

We can only see it more clearly in the light of dipole gravity, how and why it went wrong. The first and crucial problem was that they tried to find the answer from the outside of general relativity which has been the most successful theory of gravity known today. And also, beyond the fact that the both forces are long range forces, there is little that is common between the two forces.

According to the theory of dipole gravity, accelerating mass in a rotating frame is not the complete condition to create a true gravitomagnetic effect. A rotating cylinder does not create the Lense-Thirring force, which has also been reported by Bass and Pirani. This fact itself already puts a major suspicion on the centrifugal interpretation of the Lense-Thirring force. A rotating sphere creates two opposite gravitomagnets which cancels out pretty good in the far distances.
The only way to create a net long range gravitomagnetic field is by the rotation of a longitudinal axially asymmetric object like a cone, hemisphere and etc.

Only in those cases, the rotational degree of freedom of motion is translated into the finite length element which forms the basis of the gravitational dipole moment.

Questions on the Validity of Blanford Znajek Mechanism on the Relativistic Jets

May 22, 2006

Astrophysicists Discover ‘Compact Jets’ From Neutron Star

By Kim McDonald and Linda Vu

Compact jets that shoot matter into space in a continuous stream at near the speed of light have long been assumed to be a unique feature of black holes. But these odd features of the universe may be more common than once thought.

Astrophysicists using NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope recently spotted one of these jets around a super-dense dead star, confirming for the first time that neutron stars as well as black holes can produce these fire-hose-like jets of matter. A paper detailing their surprising discovery appears in this week’s issue of the Astrophysical Journal Letters.

"For years, scientists suspected that something unique to black holes must be fueling the continuous compact jets because we only saw them coming from black hole systems,” said Simone Migliari, an astrophysicist at the University of California, San Diego’s Center for Astrophysics and Space Sciences and the lead author of the paper. “Now that Spitzer has revealed a steady jet coming from a neutron star in an X-ray binary system, we know that the jets must be fueled by something that both systems share.”

A neutron star X-ray binary system occurs when a normal star orbits a dead star that is so dense all of its atoms have collapsed into neutrons, hence the name “neutron star.” The normal star circles the neutron star the same way Earth orbits the Sun.

Migliari and his colleagues from four institutions in the U.S. and Europe used Spitzer's super sensitive infrared eyes to study a jet in one such system called 4U 0614+091. In this system, the neutron star is more than 14 times the mass of its orbiting stellar companion.

“Our data show that the presence of an accretion disk and an intense gravitational field may be all we need to form and fuel a compact jet,” he said.

Typically, radio telescopes are the tool of choice for observing compact jets around black holes. At radio wavelengths, astronomers can isolate the jet from everything else in the system. However, because the compact jets of a neutron star can be more than 10 times fainter than those of a black hole, using a radio telescope to observe a neutron star's jet would take many hours of observations.

With Spitzer's supersensitive infrared eyes, Migliari's team detected 4U 0614+091's faint jet in minutes. The infrared telescope also helped astronomers infer details about the jet's geometry. System 4U 0614+091 is located approximately 10,000 light years away in the constellation Orion.

Other co-authors of the paper are John Tomsick of UCSD; Thomas Maccarone, Rob Fender and David Russell of the University of Southampton, UK; Elena Gallo of UC Santa Barbara; and Gijs Nelemans of the University of Nijmegen in the Netherlands.

NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory manages the Spitzer Space Telescope and science operations for the mission are conducted at the Spitzer Science Center at the California Institute of Technology.


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Neutron Stars Join The Black Hole Jet Set
ScienceDaily (Jun. 28, 2007) — NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory has revealed an X-ray jet blasting away from a neutron star in a binary system. This discovery may help astronomers understand how neutron stars as well as black holes can generate powerful beams of relativistic particles.
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The jet was found in Circinus X-1, a system where a neutron star is in orbit around a star several times the mass of the Sun, about 20,000 light years from Earth. A neutron star is an extremely dense remnant of an exploded star consisting of tightly packed neutrons.
Many jets have been found originating near black holes - both the supermassive and stellar-mass variety - but the Circinus X-1 jet is the first extended X-ray jet associated with a neutron star in a binary system. This detection shows that the unusual properties of black holes - such as presence of an event horizon and the lack of an actual surface - may not be required to form powerful jets.

"Gravity appears to be the key to creating these jets, not some trick of the event horizon," said Sebastian Heinz of the University of Wisconsin at Madison, who led the study.

The discovery of this jet with Chandra also reveals how efficient neutron stars can be as cosmic power factories. Heinz and his colleagues estimate that a surprisingly high percentage of the energy available from material falling onto the neutron star is converted into powering the jet.
"In terms of energy efficiency across the Universe, this result shows that neutron stars are near the top of the list," said Norbert Schulz, a coauthor from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Cambridge. "This jet is almost as efficient as one from a black hole."
The Chandra results also help to explain the origin of diffuse lobes of radio emission previously detected around Circinus X-1. The team found the X-ray jets of high-energy particles are powerful enough to create and maintain these balloons of radio-emitting gas.
"We've seen enormous radio clouds around supermassive black holes at the centers of galaxies," said Heinz. "What's unusual here is that this pocket-sized version, relatively speaking, is being powered by a neutron star, not a black hole."
The main evidence for the newly found jet comes in two extended features in the Chandra data. These two fingers of X-ray emission are separated by about 30 degrees and may represent the outer walls of a wide jet. When overlapped with radio images, these X-ray features, which are at least five light years from the neutron star, closely trace the outline of the radio jet.
Another interpretation is that these two features represent two separate, highly collimated jets produced at different times by a precessing neutron star. That is, the neutron star wobbles like a top as it spins and the jet fires at different angles at different times.
Jet precession is also consistent with radio observations taken at different times, which show varying orientation angles of the jet. If the precession scenario is correct, Circinus X-1 would possess one of the longest, narrowest jets found in X-ray binary systems to date, representing yet another way in which neutron stars can rival and even outdo their larger black hole relatives.
These results will appear in an upcoming issue of The Astrophysical Journal Letters. NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Ala., manages the Chandra program for the agency's Science Mission Directorate. The Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory controls science and flight operations from the Chandra X-ray Center in Cambridge, Mass.


Comment:

If Blanford-Znajek mechanism is the unique and correct mechanism to generate relativistic jets, it should also be able to explain the jets from the neutron stars as well. But it doesn't, which only means that the Blanfod-Znajek mechanism fails by its own weight contrary to what people in the field may believe. On the other hand, the first conspicuous feature of dipole gravity was the unquestionable jets from the rotating compact stellar objects.

In fact any theory that requires a strong magnetic field to explain the relativistic jets faces the same problem. It breaks down when there is no magnetic field involved in the jet phenomenon. Penrose's mechanism and William's extension of it are certainly in this category. Other than the Kerr metric itself, no one seems to be able to explain why the strong magnetic field has to be present around the black holes or around the rotating neutron stars.

Also, the observed jets seem to be symmetric in both poles. If the magnetic field and the plasma are responsible for the jets, one side of the jets has to be very long while the other side must be at least 1836 times shorter because the mass of a proton is 1836 times larger than that of an electron, since in both cases the force that is responsible for the jets must come from the electromagnetic interactions according to their theories. And the oppositely charged particles can not be ejected in the same direction due to the fundamental properties of the Maxwell's equation.

It has also been speculated that the positrons are created in equal numbers of the electrons in the jet emitting process. If this assumption is correct, one side of the jets will be totally made of the electrons and the other side will be of the positrons. They(the positrons and the electrons) can not travel in the same direction. And it will eventually create a gigantic electrostatic dipole along the direction of the jets and the shear amount of the electrostatic energy accumulated in the process will halt such a stream of particles in a matter of a second. Conventionally, the observed X-ray was explained as due to the annihilation of these pairs along their path, which must have been going on for billions of years.

In conclusion, regardless of what kind of numerical simulation is introduced, there is no way of going around these stumbling blocks of the fundamental electromagnetic physical principles. It is simply impossible to explain the observed jets using the magnetic field and plasma.

Black Star News Dipole Gravity Article

Despite the miraculous innovations associated with the field of science, it’s not uncommon to find gaps or inaccuracies in what’s otherwise considered unflappable historical research.

Take, for example, the topic of gravity. Was Sir Isaac Newton wrong when he described universal gravitation and the laws of motion? Of course not. Can his theories be added to? According to Dr. Eugene Jeong, the answer is yes.

Jeong, a physicist from both the University of Michigan and the University of Texas, is an expert on the subjects of dipole gravity and gravito magnetism. Dipole gravity, says Jeong, is different from Newton’s monopole theory of gravity in that it depends upon the geometrical shape of an object when in rotation.

“Newton's theory is easy to calculate when spherical model is used, but dipole gravity is easy to calculate when rotating hemisphere is used as a model system,” explains Jeong. “It’s truly apples and oranges. It all sounds simple but it took 90 years to come up with that answer.”

“Gravito magnetism, also called dipole gravity, is still a theoretical concept, but has the potential to change the way human beings approach space travel,” says Jeong. “If individuals are willing to look beyond what they’ve been taught, they’ll see that we’ve only begun to tap the surface of gravitational limits.”

Jeong’s recent contribution to the scientific community came in the form of a scientific paper detailing the possibility of space travel through the use of gravito magnetic propulsion systems. While still in its infancy, the concept is one that could allow for travel throughout the universe with very little energy use.

“The science is there, now it’s a matter of bringing together the scientific community to move forward on this,” adds Jeong.

News Paper Article

Clash and Evolution of Civilization

I think we are at the turning point of the next level of civilization. We need a giant shift of the scientific paradigm. The old school has been defeated but keeps holding onto the illusion of control hoping that the rising new paradigm may disappear if they keep quiet and delay the concession.

In political arena, one who gets defeated usually makes a public announcement that he/she has been defeated. And everybody gets on with their lives. Now in the scientific world, people in the field can easily think that they can cheat especially when they think they are protected by the huge number of the same school of thoughts. Because they tend to think the general public is not well educated and ignorant of the complicated scientific thought process.

By willfully ignoring the challenge, they want people to think that the new paradigm is not worthwhile or unimportant which is a very cunning form of a deceit because unlike in the old ages like at the time of Galileo, one can not forcefully stop the inflow of a new paradigm without a righteous means.

But you can see there is the same kind of blatant disregards on the proper reasoning and rationalism. Time has changed but people never did change. The reason everybody is holding their breath is because the Shepherd is not taking a good care of the herd at all. A good Shepherd will not care about self but will show the way for the best of the herds.

Knowledge without courage is a useless burden to the intellectuals.