Self Evident Dipole Gravity

If you say “theory” people normally become immediately skeptical about it thinking “ok, what kind of unlikely assumption is proposed in there?” MOND (Modified Newtonian Dynamics) is certainly a “theory” which is riddled with unthinkable contradictions, like non conserving energy and momentum without a justifiable reason. Whenever I mention about the theory of dipole gravity, this is a kind of a general reaction. There are so many shaky theories that are unverified, untested, circling around in the field of physics that sometimes it is hard to tell which are the correct theory and which isn’t. First of all, the theory of black hole will never be tested by experiment so it will remain as a “theory” as long as it exists.

What we have learned in the Classical Mechanics is that we can predict what is going to happen to the bodies of the celestial object when they are influenced by the law of Newtonian gravity. Detailed calculation is hardly necessary to understand the properties of the fundamental trajectory, for example; either if it is an elliptical orbit or a parabolic one.

The principle is basically the same with dipole gravity. You can predict many features of the motion of the celestial bodies without resort to a detailed calculation. The fundamental gravity force lines are the ones that the cosmic objects will follow in their orbit or the passages that are running perpendicular to it. From this observation, the presence of the dark matter halo becomes self evident around the fast rotating ultra compact stellar objects as well as the jets. The visibility issue is only a matter of considering if there will be enough collisions among the debris specifically for the case of the jets, and if there is going to be long enough time for them to coagulate and proceed to the thermonuclear synthesis for the generation of heat and energy as in the case of the stars.

Unfortunately it took nine years after the publication of dipole gravity to realize that the Lense-Thirring force had the wrong sign. Without this finding, there would have been no consistent understanding of the jets and the dark matter problem within general relativity. Dipole gravity is not a theory as one would normally think of a “theory”. It is a self evident general relativity. The fact that it took so long to find the solution doesn’t mean that it had to be a horrendously difficult problem. On the contrary, it was an exceedingly simple solution when the right concept was applied.

This is the reason the experts in the field refuse talking about it. You can not talk about it while being known as a renowned expert in the field of cosmology and general relativity, because if you do, it will be tantamount to an admission of a total incompetence.

Is it my fault to make them feel incompetent? Of course not.

I don’t think anyone will tell them to quit their job for being incompetent. It is purely a human factor of arrogance and pretentiousness that prevents them from coming forward. After all we are all human beings that are fallible and susceptible to error.

I don’t think I’m infallible either. I fixed the sign of the Lense-Thirring force in the 1999 paper to make it match with the known form. It could have been considered a form of an academic dishonesty in a way. I should not have followed the errors of the previous researchers. But I came forward to announce that it was an error despite its general acceptance in the physics community for the last 90 years without any contest, after a careful scrutiny of the various problems of cosmology. It was not an easy conclusion to draw, because it has passed the test of the numerous physicists and the brightest minds. So unless you're absolutely sure, no one will make such a drastic claim. But I'm hundred percent positive about this claim, "Lense-Thirring force has the wrong sign".

What matters is not what others think or regard of yourself. What really matters is “what is the real truth of the nature?” Any theory in physics or science or any field of study for that matter can be challenged, modified or/and improved.

Paradigm Shift

General Relativity was much Bigger than Einstein Could Imagine of it Himself

If you are a professor in an academic institution, you can not afford not to learn the theory of dipole gravity. It's time to revise and rewrite your 20 year old note books on mechanics and the theory of gravitation that you have been teaching in the class over and over again. Physics at the present time is not a sole trademark of a few individuals like at the time of Galileo.

The nations of the world have prominent physicists and scientists with their own independent thoughts and capabilities of judgement to realize what is the significance of dipole gravity. This kind of activity is called in the medical field as "continued education", to accommodate the newly discovered medical facts and important discoveries for the cure of human disease conditions.

The lack of the progress and understanding of the mechanics of the nature is a disease condition in the field of science so to speak.

I realized that contrary to the thinking of many graduate/undergraduate students, the professors in the field of cosmology and gravitation or any field of science can be as ignorant as the students themselves in certain areas of expertise. This is a simple fact. If you haven't been taught by others or by yourself, there is no way you can learn about any new field of science.

One of the fastest way to learn dipole gravity is to exercise the derivation of the Lense-Thirring force using the two opposite dipole gravity potential by taking a gradient of them. This exercise includes the derivation of the relativistic shift of the center of mass from the rotating hemisphere.

One can solve so many problems in cosmology just using the conventional Newtonian potential plus dipole gravity. And you don't have to go through the details of general relativity to learn so many important aspects of cosmology.

So, it would be appropriate to include dipole gravity at least in the text books of the classical mechanics of the graduate courses if not in the undergraduate ones.

You will learn eventually that general relativity was actually meant to find dipole gravity. The reason is because there is not much testable cosmological problems beyond the second order effect of general relativity. Although it may be considered that general relativity has been tested in many different venues, as you may read from the NASA article on "In Search of Gravitomagnetism", which is considered the key to the solution of general relativity, the true nature of the general relativistic gravitomagnetism has never been known. The so called conventional "gravitomagentism" and its prediction for the amount of the precession of the gyro were derived from the modified Maxwell's equation, which is not the correct theory of gravitation. To be more specific, the conventional gravitomagnetism has never succeeded in deriving the Lense-Thirring force or any forms close to it.

The fundamental irony of this exploration is that general relativity was much bigger than Einstein could imagine of it himself. But then Newton was totally engaged himself in alchemy in his later years as well. After all, we are all gullible to our own idiosyncrasies.

The main problem with the conventional gravitomagnetism is not knowing which side of the rotating ring becomes the attractive gravity pole and which side the repulsive one. Unless one assumes that the copious amount of positrons (just as many as the number of the electrons) can be created by some miraculous way at the core of the accretion discs, there is no way one can explain the symmetric jets using the Penrose mechanism.

It's like people built houses on a sand dune when they used the conventional gravitomagnetism for the explanation of the jets. This should be a lesson for the future theorists in the field of science.

Another Mystery of the Nature

I think I have done enough of an introduction for the theory of dipole gravity so far. I would rather think of it like an effective method of presenting at a department seminar or a colloquium, which is open to the general public as well, without having to visit the individual universities. However, there is nothing barely new in this blog beyond the two papers published in 1997 and 1999 which have basically all the necessary information to make a good starting point, although those papers may not have been clear and obvious enough to make a bold statement like “the Lense-Thirring force has wrong sign”.

If you find something that you have been looking for a long time and ultimately gave up on any attempt finding it, you will be in disbelief once you see it in front of your eyes. People will shake their heads in total disbelief saying, “Nah, it can’t be”. This has been the situation with dipole gravity.

Since I could be blamed for my inactivity on the theory of dipole gravity after its publication (as people normally send copies of preprints to their colleagues), I guess I need to explain what I was doing in the mean time of nine years. Why did I not actively promote the theory in 1999 if I had such a strong belief about it? First of all, I thought that was already an exciting discovery that anyone would eager to pick it up and publish tons of papers by expanding and applying it to the various cosmological problems. Was I naïve? Those papers were uploaded in the LLNL archives so that they can be plainly visible to everybody anyways.

One of the writers of the scientific story once said there will be only a handful of people who can truly understand the theory of dipole gravity in the world. And the ones who truly understand it are not willing to talk about it. What a shame! She can write a story only when someone else either agrees, disagrees or throws questions on it. It’s like a black pit hole of information. A bunch of information goes in and being processed but no result comes out.

After the publication of the two papers and discussing them briefly in the internet, I received emails from all over the world, regarding the exciting experiments that have been performed and demonstrated in front of the public. I thought that this could be an elaborate hoax.

One of the many of the information was about the inventor Thomas Henry Moray who was active in invention of the energy device in Utah in 1930s. He allegedly succeeded in making a device that can generate 50 kW of electricity out of thin air for 157 hours. I was extremely intrigued by the proposition. The main reason that I received this kind of email letter was because the theory of dipole gravity predicts the possibility of extracting energy from space as well. I later noticed that there are tons of inventors involved in this exciting project behind the scene.

I was about to find out if this is an elaborate hoax or a legitimate physics. You can imagine how I ended up forgetting about promoting the theory of dipole gravity. Dipole gravity is an exciting concept as well, but as a method of producing energy, it is bulky and cumbersome. If the story provided to me were true, we have a huge chunk of physics missing, undiscovered and untouched which can potentially revolutionize our civilization overnight. After all, if dipole gravity has proved it is possible to extract energy from space, why not by a method of electricity and magnetism? It would be much simpler and elegant if indeed it is possible.

We are about to enter the realm of a virtual “25th century science” so I advise the readers to hold tightly on to their seats. Enter

What is Dipole Gravity and What It isn’t?

In a recent communication with a prominent astrophysicist, I noticed that there is a general misconception about the theory of dipole gravity. Somehow people seem to think dipole gravity is some kind of a modification of general relativity.

This is far from the truth. Dipole gravity is not a modification of general relativity. Although it may sound bizarre, the general relativistic gravitational field both the inside and out of a rotating spherical source has never been fully worked out. In Newtonian gravity, the gravitational field inside a spherical shell is zero. However, due to the equivalence principle, general relativity predicts that there will be an induced gravity field due the constant acceleration of the mass resulted by the rotational motion of the object.

Because of the enormous complexity of the integral calculation, the only known solution to this problem was available only at the close distance from the center of the sphere which has been worked out by Lense and Thirring in 1918. In their original paper, they found the general relativistic gravity force close to the center of the rotating spherical shell which was given by,


These forces have been known as Lense-Thirring force. The x and y component of the force shows the radially outgoing structure which has contributed to the notion that it is a manifestation of the centrifugal force in accordance with Mach’s principle.

However, the presence of the attractive harmonic z component of the force was enigmatic from the beginning. There are historical records showing that Thirring had correspondences with Einstein in several occasions regarding this problem. Obviously, it baffled Thirring as much as Einstein.

It must be emphasized that the above expression is valid only for small x, y, z which is very close to the center of the rotating spherical shell. In other areas beyond the center of the sphere, the integral calculation is simply impossible. This form of the force ceases to have any meaning as soon as the distance from the center increases beyond the closest proximity. And the known solution to the linearized theory of general relativity has stated that the rotating spherical mass does not have a meaningful dipole term, which is true only in the very far distances. So this problem has been left out as an open question in general relativity since its birth.

The conventionally known "gravitomagnetism", which is a modified version of Maxwell's equation, was one of the desperate attempts to understand the extension of the Lense-Thirring force and the acceleration induced gravity effect beyond the limit of the proximity to the center of the rotating source. Needless to say, there is no mention of the derivation of the Lense-Thirring force or any form close to it, from this formulation at the distance close to the center of the sphere.

There simply was no known general relativistic solution in the intermediate area away from the center to the relatively close distance from the surface of the rotating spherical source.

This means that the general relativistic gravity field induced by the rotational motion of a spherical object has never been fully understood to include the entire space beyond the close proximity to the center.

What the theory of dipole gravity has accomplished is that it calculated and showed the compact mathematical form describing all the details of the field inside and out of the rotating spherical source. This was achieved by dividing the sphere into two sectors of the hemispheres, and by calculating the fields individually and adding them together, which is possible because the potential function is a scalar quantity.

The field close to the center calculated from this method produced the Lense-Thirring force of the form,


Several points can be noticed.

1. Both forms have the same sign correlations, eg, the radial and the axial component of the forces have the opposite sign with respect to each other.

2. They have the equal functional form as second order differential equations.

3. There is a uniform difference of a constant factor 2/15 between the two expressions.

4. The form derived from dipole gravity has the missing velocity dependent component of the force.

In the theory of dipole gravity, it has been specifically pointed out that only the diagonal component of the metric tensor is considered. The velocity dependent force can be added later without the loss of generality.

The difference of the constant factor by 2/15 may be explained by considering the fact that the center of the sphere is close to the centers of the two separate hemispheres. The centers of the two hemispheres are singularity points where the dipole field becomes infinity(which is a mathematical artifact) and the field close to the center of the hemispheres within the range of R/2 will not be accurate(larger than actually it is), which explains the discrepancy. This problem can easily be fixed by introducing a form factor etha.


Now, the total potential without singularity can be written



However, this was not the end of the story. The further surprising irony was that the signs of the Lense-Thirring forces are all reversed as later found out. Once the Lense-Thirring force is identified as the residual force from the two oppositely superposed long ranged dipole fields within the rotating spherical shell, the continuity of the force lines all around the space becomes an important issue.

Since we are aware of the jets and the dark matter problems in cosmology, the conventionally known signs of the Lense-Thirring force become very problematic. The repulsive radial force is not consistent with the dark matter problem any more than the attractive axial component of the force with the jets. Dark matter problems will be solved easily if the radial component of the force were attractive and the jets would be explained easily if the axial component of the force were repulsive.

In fact, the original formulation from dipole gravity showed the reversed signs for the Lense-Thirring force. However, since there was no compelling reason to doubt the correctness of the signs of the 90 year old formula, before applying the force to the actual cosmological problems, the result was simply adjusted to conform to the known results. Even the jet problem seemed all right with the original signs of Lense-Thirring configuration.

It was only with the dark matter problems that the signs of the Lense-Thirring force looked awfully awkward. One can not have the accretion phenomenon with the repulsive radial force, let alone the fast rotating spiral form of the galaxy. And the jet phenomenon seemed more easily explainable with the corrected signs of the Lense-Thirring force.

The necessary presence of the dark matter halo which is an absolute requirement for the explanation of the flat rotation curves within dipole gravity and also in dark matter hypothesis was the final nail on the coffin of the original signs of the Lense-Thirring force. It simply can’t be the other way around. The matters ejected by the jets have to come back to the equatorial plane and eventually to the galactic center to be recycled. The force lines depicted by the corrected Lense-Thirring force matched perfectly with this picture. If the original signs of the Lense-Thirring force were correct, matters will be ejected radially from the equatorial center to the plane and come back to the both poles which is against all odds.

More specifically, if this is the case, since the direction of the dipole gravity force lines and the Newtonian gravity force lines are in the same direction at the both poles, that are attractive, there will be no jets visible, because the accompanying two forces lines do not allow the debris to collide among themselves.

The dark matters are basically the debris in space in transit following this dipole gravity force lines.

Einstein was inspired by Mach's view of the universe and of the origin of the centrifugal force when he formalized general relativity. Naturally he expected that his theory of gravity should reflect Mach's point of view. The Lense-Thirring force was at the right spot and at the right moment. In his mind and that of Lense-Thirring's, there was no doubt that the force they derived from the second order effect of gravity was the manifestation and proof of Mach's principle. But how many times in the history of physics, people are inspired by something and discover something else totally new. But in general, I think, there is a general tendency of a bias when people strongly expect something to come out of their research activities.

Now, it is clear that the total general relativistic gravity field including the Newtonian gravity can be written
for a rotating hemispherical source. In a multiply connected dipole configuration, the second term will be represented by sums of all the existing dipoles in the system. For an example, the dipole field from a rotating sphere has to be a sum of the two oppositely connected dipoles within the source.

Any cosmological problems involving a rotating source will need this formulation to accurately describe the mechanics of the system just like we use Newtonian gravity to describe the non-rotating(very slowly rotating) stellar configurations.

It is not surprising at all that one has to make all kinds of extra assumptions to account for the baffling problems in cosmology, when this second order dipole gravity term was not present, even to the degree that the whole Newtonian mechanics has to be modified, let alone the plasma and the magnetic field for the jet phenomenon.

The correct order of the approach to solve the problem would be to apply this dipole gravity for the jets and the dark matter problems first and if it still doesn't work then use any additional tools to account for the further minute details.

In this regards, I noticed that the GPB data have been processed using the theoretical results derived from the conventional gravitomagnetism which is a wrong theory of gravity. The dipole gravity has the entirely different topological property compared to the theory derived from the modified Maxwell's equation. A rotating spherical mass has four distinctive poles instead of the two according to the dipole solution of general relativity. So, if the GPB data don't fit the predictions, they have to suspect that it may not be because of the systematic experimental error but because of the incorrect theoretical assumptions.

I'm sure this is not the end of cosmology. I hope dipole gravity can inspire young minds and help them discover something much bigger than the surface it barely scratched. I also hope it becomes the beginning of the new era of the engineering of this new scientific concept for the future space adventure of the mankind.

What has inspired the whole concept of dipole gravity?

The King's Invisible Cloth

We have seen how the world of physics has changed suddenly in the early 20th century with the development of quantum mechanics and general relativity. In this process, we saw how Einstein played the major role even in the development of the quantum theory although he remained skeptical of the quantum mechanics. His willing acceptance of the radical concept by De Brogli prompted Schrodinger's equation which accelerated the development of quantum mechanics.

However, we are living in a world of much different than the early 20th century in a way much less flattering.

I think scientific research is like a job of a lonely artist. Even if people do not understand what you are doing, you have no choice but to keep on doing what you have been doing. The difference between the art and the science is that an ideal model of beauty represents the goal of an artist, while the ideal model of a grand logical consistency becomes the goal of a scientific research.

But it seems that we are living in a society where the fundamental science is in a total disregard of the rational approach. I think this may only mean that we are up against the brick wall for the next breakthrough in science. The field of cosmology has gone awry for a long time that the King's invisible cloth has become literally very beautiful. For an example, beyond the concept of dipole gravity that has been discussed extensively in this blog, I don't see why people can not overcome the barrier of the speed of the light limit. It was meant to be applied only for material particles. The meaning of the limit of the speed of light vanishes as soon as we are talking about the outside of the light cone particles.

There are more than a dozen of reasons that the neutrinos must be tachyons. On the other hand, there is only a couple of reasons that the neutrinos can not be tachyons.

Namely, "nothing can travel faster than the speed of light". And "quantum theory works without the tachyonic particles". In fact, the necessity of the renormalization in quantum theory should have been considered its fundamental logical deficiency.

However, it is obvious that the first reason is not even a valid one. It is merely an unsubstantiated unscientific dogma. All the experimental data so far have proven in favor of the fact that neutrinos must be tachyons.

In fact, what special relativity has shown us is that because of the difference in Galileo transformation (first order differential equation in time) and the inertial transformation of the Maxwell's(second order differential equation in time), in the process of unifying the transformation via Lorentz's scheme, the unexpected discovery has been made. That is the possible presence of the entirely different world of the faster than the speed of light travel by the tachyonic particles.

The speed of light barrier has merely played the role of a parametric boundary between the two entirely different physical worlds.

The economy created by this concept is enormous. It is mechanically transparent that these tachyonic particles are the original cause of the gravity as well as the quantum mechanics. The quantum mechanical uncertainly is due to this random nature of the background tachyonic particles hitting on quantum objects like electrons via the electroweak interaction which must be longer ranged and stronger than the elastic collision cross section, which may explain the enormous scale difference between the Plank constant and the gravitational constant. Since we have the same number density and the average speed of travel by the background tachyonic particles, what determines the strength of the Planck constant and the gravitational constant is the respective interaction cross sections. The unification of gravity and quantum theory is achieved by this mechanical concept not by a trick of a Lagrangian.

In a simple tachyonic mechanics exercise, one can calculate the result of a head on (billiard ball like) collision between an electron and a tachyonic particle. In this process, the tachyonic neutrinos lose energy but gains speed after the collision. And consequently the quantum electrons gain energy and speed. However, due to the random isotropic distribution of the background particles and their collisions, the average position and the speed of the quantum object remain unchanged yet the actual position and the speed will never be known. The probabilistic nature of the quantum theory comes out naturally from this picture.

The bounced off tachyons from the heavy matter creates Gaussian density distribution of a relative void of tachyonic neutrinos. The tachyonic vacuum is equivalent to a gravity center like a balloon in the air filled room tends to move toward the low pressured region. So the universe is filled with this low energy but much faster than the speed of light particle known as neutrinos which determines how the matter particles should behave in the universe. These low energy tachyonic neutrinos will have a very low(almost zero) inelastic cross section with the material particles.

So, not only they are not visible, but also they are not detectable.

The hadronic particles will have much higher elastic cross section with the tachyonic particles which contributes to their heavier mass.

Until we see clearly the King's invisible cloth is not there, there will be no progress of science in our life time.

Additional Long Range Gravity Force

One of the well known astrophysicists has stated that the theory of dipole gravity is confusing when it comes to the explanation of the relativistic jets. The theory itself is not difficult but what makes it confusing may be that the same terminology and similar concept has to be used to explain the mechanisms of the theory. One can not build a new house without demolishing the ragged old one at the same place. Largely this is in the minds of the people in the field than the actual physical construction. So, here is a more concise description of what it is.

The fundamental difference between the theory of dipole gravity and other astrophysical theories of the relativistic jets(plasma and magnetic field caused), MOND and the dark matter hypothesis is that, dipole gravity is a theory derived from the first principle. In fact, the jets and dark matter problem were not in immediate consideration when the theory of dipole gravity was conceived. Of course, the reason behind the perception of the need for such a theory has been constantly in the back ground because of the inadequacies of the physical mechanisms behind those theories.

It all started from the fundamental physical anomaly observed from the simple mechanical system of the rotating hemisphere when special relativity was incorporated into the calculation of the center of mass. Consider this, why and how the center of mass of a hemisphere changes when it is in rotational motion even when there is no external force(in the direction of the shift) applied to it. And why this is not the case for the rotating sphere?

Newtonian mechanics states that an object should be at rest unless an external force is applied in the direction of the motion. Being at rest by definition means that the effective center of mass is in the same position relative to the entire distribution of the matter in the universe.

If the mass increase effect of special relativity is the real physical phenomenon and not some kind of an illusion, one can not avoid this anomaly of the center of mass shift from a rotating hemispherical system. It is a very real physical effect and it fundamentally challenges the conventionally known mechanics. It can mean many things. The rotating hemisphere(longitudinal axially asymmetric object) somehow may experience an external force which causes the shift of the center of mass. But the fundamental mystery of this system is that the shift of the center of mass moves along with the object itself. So it is possible that the system may be in a perpetual mode of acceleration.

Not surprisingly, it didn't take long to find out that the same mechanical system has been totally neglected in general relativity as well. The hitherto abandoned dipole term in the linearized theory of general relativity starts to have the real meaning because such a shift can not be transformed away. It is a real physical effect that depends on the energy in the system.

If we have a dipole gravitational moment in the two mass pole model universe, it will certainly be in a perpetual mode of acceleration until it reaches to one of the poles. The paper basically describes the effect of this force, but the real point of the paper was that it has justified the reality of the dipole gravitational moment which is the source of the additional long range gravity force which we have been missing in the entire history of mankind.

Now it is natural that we have to apply this fundamental force derived from the first principle to the hitherto unsolved(satisfactorily) cosmological problems. First of all, according to the dipole gravity potential from a rotating spherical object, the jets from the rotating black holes or neutron stars are totally natural and not surprising at all.

During the process of the application of dipole gravity to the dark matter problem, it has become clear that the sign of the Lense-Thirring force can not be consistent with the accretion phenomenon because the radial component of the Lense-Thirring force is repulsive(outgoing). The accretion and the jets can not be separated, and when the signs of Lense-Thirring force are corrected, everything(jets, accretions and flat rotation curves) starts to make perfect sense. The point source nature of the jets basically creates the 1/r dependent dark matter density distribution which is required to explain the flat rotational velocity curves.

So, the real physical nature of the dark matter is that it is a group of a constantly moving debris(pretty much like comets and asteroids) in the spiral galaxy following the dipole gravity force lines(from the poles to the equatorial center) that resembles the two superposed gravitomagnets around the rotating ultra compact stellar object. Since the dipole gravity force line is divergent at the poles and around the galactic sphere until they come together at the central accretion plane, the ejected matters can not be visible while they are in transit until they reach the rotational plane where the massive collisions among the debris occurs and generates visible radiation. Therefore, the luminosity close to the galactic nuclei may represent the strength of the jets and the density of the matters being recycled and this could be used as a valid parameter for the prediction of the flat rotation curves as they did in MOND.

In fact, the sources of the asteroids that bombarded the planets which left so many scars on their surfaces in the solar system can be explained if we assume that this kind of dark matters are pervasive in our galaxy as well.

Self Evident Dipole Gravity

Dark Energy

Since the theory of dipole gravity has hinted that the gravity in general is a bulk effect rather than a quantum effect, the presence of the superluminal tachyonic particles in the background of the universe becomes a strongly favored concept.
One of the candidates of these particles are neutrinos which has been enforced by the fact that the measured mass squared value of the neutrinos has consistently been reported to be negative.

If neutrinos are also magnetic monopoles, the symmetry of EM is restored where the symmetry has been known to be broken by the fact that there is no isolated magnetic monopole detected in the universe. The concept is also strengthened by the fact that the electrons and antineutrinos are produced hand in hand when the neutrons are broken to pieces by beta decay.

The following consequence of this scenario is that the tachyonic magnetic monopoles, while traveling faster than the speed of light, will still exert forces among themselves in such a way that a certain part of the space is no more crowded than the other part of the universe. The net effect is the ever growing expansion of the universe.

The total energy content may be calculated by the number density of the tachyonic neutrinos in a volume of a cubic centimeter and the energy due to their mutual repulsive magnetic forces.

There can be questions on why there are more of the antineutrinos than the neutrinos in the universe. Where is this asymmetry coming from? It is possible that we are living in the universe where the configuration of the proton, electron, and the antineutrinos are predominant as the way we observe it, while there can be other universe right next to ours that is totally opposite of what we have. The universe next to us may have the negatively charged nucleus and the positrons orbiting the nuclei with the abundant neutrinos instead of the antineutrinos in its background of the universe.

Physicists like to look for symmetry, whenever there is a lack of symmetry in nature; we are suspicious of it and wonder why. Of course, dipole gravity was a part of an answer to such a quest because the rotating hemisphere breaks the symmetry of the center of mass from that of a rotating sphere by its anomalous relativistic shift.

I'm sure the superstring theorists are also in the same shoes in looking for the answer for the ultimate symmetry of the nature.